The battle fought on July 1–3, 1863, considered by most military historians the turning point in the American Civil War. The Army of the Potomac, under the Union general George Gordon Meade, numbered about 85,000; the Confederate army, under Gen. Robert E. Lee, numbered about 75,000. After the Battle of Chancellorsville, in which the Confederates had obtained an important victory on May 2–4, Lee divided his army into three corps, commanded by three lieutenant generals, James Longstreet, Richard Stoddert Ewell, and Ambrose Powell Hill. Lee then formulated a plan for invading Pennsylvania, hoping to avert another federal offensive in Virginia and planning to fight if he could get the federal army into a vulnerable position; he also hoped that the invasion might increase Northern war-weariness and lead to Northern recognition of the independence of the Confederate States of America. In pursuance of this plan, Lee crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains, proceeded up the Shenandoah Valley, and, crossing Maryland, entered Pennsylvania, where he concentrated his whole army at Gettysburg.
The battle began on July 1 with an encounter between Hill’s advance brigades and the federal cavalry division commanded by Maj. Gen. John Buford (1826–63), supported by infantry under Maj. Gen. John Fulton Reynolds (1820–63). Hill encountered stubborn resistance, and the fighting was inconclusive until Ewell, arriving from the north, forced the federal troops to retire from their forward positions to Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Ridge, southeast of Gettysburg. On the following day, July 2, Meade formed his forces in the shape of a horseshoe, extending westward from Culp’s Hill and southward along Cemetery Ridge to the hills of Little Round Top and Round Top. The Confederates, on the other hand, were deployed in a long, thin concave line, with Longstreet and Ewell on the flanks and Hill in the center.
Lee, against the advice of Longstreet, resolved to attack the federal positions. Longstreet was unable to advance until late afternoon, thus allowing the federal troops to make preparations for the expected assault. The federals held Cemetery Ridge and Little Round Top but were driven from advance positions in the Peach Orchard and Devil’s Den. Although Ewell won part of Culp’s Hill, he was unable to break the federal line there or on the eastern part of Cemetery Ridge. On the night of July 2, Meade held a council of war in which the decision was made not to retreat; early next morning Culp’s Hill was stormed and retaken from the Confederates. Maj. Gen. George Edward Pickett then led his own and parts of two other Confederate divisions, totaling fewer than 15,000 men, in a memorable charge on Cemetery Ridge, against a withering barrage of federal artillery and musket fire. Although he breached Meade’s first line of defense, the strain on the Confederates proved too great, and Pickett fell back, having lost over three-fourths of his force.
With the repulse of Pickett’s charge, the Battle of Gettysburg was virtually over. On the night of July 4, Lee began his retreat to Virginia. During the three days of battle, the federal army lost 3070 killed, 14,497 wounded, and 5434 captured or missing. The Confederates lost 2592 killed, 12,706 wounded, and 5150 captured or missing.
The Battle of Gettysburg was a decisive engagement in that it arrested the Confederates’ second and last major invasion of the North, destroyed their offensive strategy, and forced them to fight a defensive war in which the inadequacies of their manufacturing capacity and transportation facilities doomed them to defeat. B.C., BRUCE CATTON, D.Litt.This summary of the battle came from www.HistoryChannel.com